The Story, Promise, and Future of the Churches of Christ
What was carved on the front of your communion table?
One movement
Last week · Cane Ridge, 1801
10,000–30,000 gathered.
And they were not people of one church
Presbyterians. Methodists. Baptists.
Folks both black and white.
Preachers who were formally at odds —
whose churches did not, as a rule, commune at one another’s tables.
And here they were.
They experienced a profound unity
“cordially united… of one mind and one soul… all engaged in singing the same songs of praise — all united in prayer — all preached the same things.”
Barton W. Stone, of Cane Ridge, August 1801
Evidences of the work of the Spirit.
A communion service.
A foretaste of the future
“Together, in sweetest, holiest, symbolic communion, they sat down at the one table of the one Lord… many good people thought assuredly, the millennium had begun to dawn upon the world.”
William Rogers, of Cane Ridge · who was there
Open Communion
What is open communion?
A working definition
The Lord’s Supper offered to every believer present — with no church test at the door.
Its opposite is close communion: only members of that church, in good standing, may partake.
Did you know this was part of our practice?
1945
Leroy Brownlow, Why I Am a Member of the Church of Christ · Reason XXIII, “Because of its scriptural teaching and observance of the Lord’s Supper”
On 1 Corinthians 11:28
“…no man or set of men has the right to judge who shall and shall not have the privilege of communion… The self-examination taught in this verse condemns the doctrine of close communion. Each is to examine himself; not somebody else.”
Leroy Brownlow, Why I Am a Member of the Church of Christ, 1945, p. 178
Three Instigators
Barton W. StoneCane Ridge, Kentucky. Last week.
Thomas CampbellIreland, then Pennsylvania. Today.
Alexander CampbellHis son. Today, and most weeks after.
Stone: memorial portrait at the Cane Ridge shrine, a later painting (photo Chris Light, CC BY-SA 4.0). Alexander Campbell at about 65.
Our Wild Democracy · Week 2
Thomas Campbell’s Heresy Trial
Ireland 1798 — Pennsylvania 1810
Ireland · summer 1798
A Presbyterian meeting house near Richhill, County Armagh — probably his own at Ahorey — during the Sunday service.
A troop of cavalry surrounded the church.
“Pray, sir!”
a venerable elder, sitting near Mr. Campbell · Richardson, Memoirs 1:44
He began in the words of the forty-sixth Psalm
“Thou, O God, art our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble. Therefore will not we fear, though the earth be removed and though the mountains be carried into the midst of the sea.”
The captain listened to the end, bowed, and rode away with his troop.
Armagh · the 1790s
Ireland was tearing itself apart.
Orangemen and Defenders by night. The United Irishmen by secret oath. Most of his own people had joined.
Asked to preach on the lawfulness of oaths and secret societies
“…he presented so candidly and earnestly his views in condemnation of them that a large portion of the audience became excited and exasperated.”
Richardson, Memoirs 1:42
He had to be escorted through the crowd.
Thomas Campbell, 1763–1854
His designation in Ireland
Old Light
Anti-Burgher
Seceder
Presbyterian
of the Anti-Burgher Synod of Ulster
under the General Associate Synod in Scotland
Division After Division
1798
He helped found a missionary society open to every denomination.
His synod voted it inconsistent with the Secession Testimony. He gave it up.
1804
He proposed reuniting Burghers and Anti-Burghers in Ireland.
Glasgow “allowed him to argue his case but refused to allow the proposition to come to a vote.”
Unity vs Authority
Unity failed.
April 1807 · Londonderry
His doctor prescribed a sea voyage.
He left his eighteen-year-old son, Alexander, in charge of the family and the school.
Robert Salmon, British Merchantman in the River Mersey off Liverpool, 1809 A ship of the kind, not the Brutus
Voyage to America
August 1807 · seventy miles from home
Reading Howell, A Map of the State of Pennsylvania, 1792 · Library of Congress
Who was out there
“This part of the country was then thinly settled, and it was seldom that ministerial services were enjoyed by the various fragments of religious parties, which, having floated off from the Old World upon the tide of emigration, had been thrown together in the circling eddies of these new settlements.”
Richardson, Memoirs 1:223
Faithful Presbyterians who had not received communion in years.
Not for lack of a minister. For lack of a minister of their own sub-sect.
The token
A Scottish communion token, 1750
Examined beforehand. Handed a lead ticket. Surrendered at the table.
He did not fence the table
…that all his pious hearers, “who felt so disposed and duly prepared, should, without respect to party differences, enjoy the benefits of the communion season then providentially afforded them.”
Richardson, Memoirs 1:224
Two years later, in his own words
“…the Lord’s Supper, that great ordinance of unity and love.”
Declaration and Address, 1809
It was well received.
But not by everyone.
The young minister assisting him, William Wilson, reported it to the presbytery.
The Trial
The Libel · January 1808
1that appropriating Christ as one’s own Savior does not belong to the essence of saving faith
2that a church has no divine warrant for holding Confessions of Faith as terms of communion
3that ruling elders may pray and exhort publicly in vacant congregations
4that our people may hear ministers in stated opposition to our testimony
5that Christ was not subject to the precept of the law, as well as its penalty, for his people
6that a man may live without sin in this life
7that he preached in another minister’s bounds without appointment
YOU are the court.
Guilty, or not guilty?
The Verdict · February 1808
1that one may have doubts even in the midst of saving faithguilty!
2that a church has no divine warrant for holding Confessions of Faith as terms of communionguilty!
3that ruling elders may pray and exhort publicly in vacant congregationsguilty!
4that our people may hear ministers in stated opposition to our testimonyguilty!
7that a divine calling, ordination, and the invitation of the people is sufficient warrant to preach, without authorization of church authoritiesguilty!
The Appeal
May 1808 · his appeal to the Synod at Philadelphia
“For what error or immorality ought I to be rejected, except it be that I refuse to acknowledge as obligatory upon myself, or to impose upon others, anything as of Divine obligation for which I cannot produce a ‘Thus saith the Lord?’”
Richardson, Memoirs 1:227
May 1808 · his appeal to the Synod at Philadelphia
“It is, therefore, because I have no confidence, either in my own infallibility or in that of others, that I absolutely refuse, as inadmissible and schismatic, the introduction of human opinions and human inventions into the faith and worship of the Church.”
Richardson, Memoirs 1:227
The Judgment
Communion · Article 2
“It is erroneous… to assert that a church has no divine warrant for holding Confessions of Faith as terms of communion.”
Priesthood · Article 3
“It is erroneous… to assert that it is the duty of ruling elders to pray and exhort publickly in vacant congregations.”
Freedom of Conscience · Article 4
“It is erroneous… to assert that it is warrantable for the people of our communion to hear ministers that are in a stated opposition to our testimony.”
The Synod’s answer
“he was accordingly rebuked and admonished by the Mod’r”
He submitted — as “no more… than an act of deference to the judgment of the court.”
Minutes of the Associate Synod, May 1808
“…had they possessed the power, he would have suffered martyrdom at their hands, or, as he expressed it, that ‘nothing but the law of the land had kept his head upon his shoulders.’”
Richardson, Memoirs 1:219–220
The Break
September 1808
“It is with sincere reluctance… that I find myself in duty bound to refuse submission to their decision as unjust and partial… And I hereby do decline all ministerial connection with, or subjection to, the Associate Synod of North America.”
Thomas Campbell, 13–14 September 1808 · Chartiers Presbytery, Burgettstown
And then Campbell discovered that this meant very little.
The Grove
“Sometimes the deep shade of a maple grove sheltered the assembly from the summer sun. Generally, however, the houses of his old Irish neighbors… were the places where he had his appointments for preaching, and where he discoursed weekly to all who chose to assemble.”
Richardson, Memoirs 1:231
What did they stand for?
That fall they asked him to write down what they stood for
“The Church of Christ upon earth is essentially, intentionally, and constitutionally one; consisting of all those in every place that profess their faith in Christ…”
Next week: the Declaration and Address.
Declaration and Address, 1809
Idea 1 of 4
The unity movement did not begin in America.
Idea 2 of 4
They divided over hospitality, not doctrine.
Idea 3 of 4
Non-creedalism is a protective move.
Idea 4 of 4
They stood for the universal church.
◆ for discussion
What is beautiful here? What do we carry forward?
What “testimonies” — written or unwritten — do we treat as terms of fellowship today?
Who around us has gone years without being invited to the table?
Online
stone-campbell.micahredding.com
HomeTimelineExhibitsPeople
Exhibits · Timeline · People · Places · Documents
Sources and other information can be found on the site.
Alexander and the Shipwreck
Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg, A Shipwreck off a Rocky Coast Not the Hibernia, and not Islay
October 1808. His family sailed — and were wrecked off Islay.
Everyone survived. They were stranded in Scotland for ten months.
Glasgow · 1808–09
Every week, Alexander went to hear ministers outside his church.
Richardson’s word for it: “occasional hearing.” Article 4.
“…an effect which was, doubtless, facilitated by the fact that his revered father, to whose religious sentiments he was accustomed to pay the utmost deference, was now separated from him by the wide Atlantic.”
Richardson, on why Alexander changed
The communion season
He was examined, and given the token.
Why he could not
“…conscientious misgivings as to the propriety of sanctioning any longer, by participation, a religious system which he disapproved.”
Richardson, Memoirs
“…the ring of the token, falling upon the plate, announced the instant at which he renounced Presbyterianism for ever — the leaden voucher becoming thus a token not of communion but of separation.”
Richardson, Memoirs 1:190
Family Reunion
19 October 1809 · the road into Washington, Pennsylvania
He rode out to meet them.
Two and a half years.
“Alexander could not but feel indignant at this recital… He was greatly surprised, however, when informed by his father that the latter had actually dissolved his connection with the Seceders.”
Richardson, Memoirs
That fall they asked him to write down what they stood for
“The Church of Christ upon earth is essentially, intentionally, and constitutionally one; consisting of all those in every place that profess their faith in Christ…”
Next week: the Declaration and Address.
Declaration and Address, 1809
Addendum
…the story doesn’t end at twelve
Week 1The Cane Ridge CommunionUnity · Priesthood · Future · Christ Alone · the TableThe Story
Week 2Thomas Campbell's Heresy TrialUnity · Freedom of Conscience · the TableThe Story
Week 3The Declaration & AddressUnity · Minimalism · Freedom of Conscience · Christ Alone · ScriptureThe Story
Week 4Rise & Fall of the Springfield PresbyterySelf-Sacrifice · Unity · Freedom of Conscience · CongregationThe Story
Week 5Brush Run: Where Two or Three GatherPriesthood · Congregation · the TableThe Story
Week 7The Stone–Campbell MergerUnity · Priesthood · the Table · ScriptureThe Story
Week 8Lipscomb & the Civil WarFuture · Freedom of Conscience · CongregationThe Story
Week 9The Story of Believer's BaptismPriesthood · Homecoming · Freedom of Conscience · BaptismThe Practices
Week 10The Story of Congregational SingingPriesthood · Minimalism · Homecoming · SingingThe Practices
Week 11The Story of Studying ScripturePriesthood · Science & Reason · Freedom of Conscience · ScriptureThe Practices
Week 12The Story of GovernancePriesthood · Self-Sacrifice · Freedom of Conscience · CongregationThe Practices
What this week touched
CHRIST ALONE
UNITYPRIESTHOODFUTURE
HOMECOMINGSELF-SACRIFICEFREEDOM OF CONSCIENCESCIENCE & REASONMINIMALISM
the TableBaptismScriptureSingingCongregation
Bright: the spine of this week. Dim: touched in passing. Unlit: still ahead of us.
The ideas
CHRIST ALONE
UNITYPRIESTHOODFUTURE
HOMECOMINGSELF-SACRIFICEFREEDOM OF CONSCIENCESCIENCE & REASONMINIMALISM
the TableBaptismScriptureSingingCongregation
…the age to come
1801The Cane Ridge CommunionOne table, many traditions — the whole class in miniature.Unity · Priesthood · Future · Christ Alone · the TableWeek 1
1804The Last Will & TestamentA presbytery writes its own death — dissolving itself for the body's sake.Self-Sacrifice · Unity · Freedom of Conscience · CongregationWeek 4
1807–09Thomas Campbell's TrialCensured for opening the table. The founding rupture was caused by a meal.Unity · Freedom of Conscience · the TableWeek 2
1809The Declaration & Address“The Church of Christ upon earth is essentially, intentionally, and constitutionally one.”Unity · Minimalism · Freedom of Conscience · Christ Alone · ScriptureWeek 3
1812The Brush Run OrdinationAuthority conferred by the gathered congregation — every assembly apostolic.Priesthood · Congregation · the TableWeek 5
1826The Living OraclesA fresh translation in the people's own language — the text handed to every reader.Priesthood · Science & Reason · ScriptureWeek 11
1830The Millennial HarbingerRestoration as the herald of the age to come — faith at the frontier of thought.Future · Science & Reason · ScriptureWeek 6
1832The Merger at LexingtonUnion on the commitment to Scripture — not on conclusions from it.Unity · Priesthood · the Table · ScriptureWeek 7
1836Bacon CollegeThe movement’s first college — named not for a preacher but for Francis Bacon.Science & Reason · Future · PriesthoodWeek 6
1837The Lunenburg LetterA high view of baptism that refuses to weaponize it — conviction without coercion.Unity · Freedom of Conscience · BaptismWeek 9
1820s–40sThe Singing SchoolsFarmers taught to carry a part — every voice the instrument.Priesthood · Minimalism · SingingWeek 10
1861–65Lipscomb & the Civil WarAllegiance already held for another government — the vision tested by fire.Future · Freedom of Conscience · CongregationWeek 8
2026This Class, This TableA mixed-tradition congregation — exactly what the movement was at its birth. The story is unfinished.Unity · Future · Homecoming · the TableWeek 0 · and every week
One movement · alternate
One movement · streams
How each week works
Story→Idea→Future
What is beautiful here? What do we carry forward?
→ / space / click · f fullscreen · n read/present · p presenter window · s notes on THIS screen